Racism In Heart Of Darkness Essays - Chinua Achebe,

Bigotry in Heart of Darkness Bigotry in Heart of Darkness Chinua Achebe, a notable author, once gave a talk at the University of Massachusetts about Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness, entitled An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrad's Heart of Darkness. Throughout his paper, Achebe takes note of how Conrad utilized Africa as a foundation in particular, and how he set Africa up as a foil to Europe,(Achebe, p.251) while he additionally ventures the picture of Africa as 'the other world,' the absolute opposite of Europe and along these lines of civilization.(Achebe, p.252) By his own understandings of the content, Achebe shows that Conrad eliminatesthe African as a human factor, in this way lessening Africa to the job of props.(Achebe, p.257) In supporting these allegations against Conrad, Achebe refers to explicit models from the content, while likewise, pointing out that there is an absence of specific attributes among the characters. Achebe then looks at the portrayals of the Intended and the local lady. Clarifying that the savage satisfies an auxiliary prerequisite of the story: a savage partner to the refined European lady, and furthermore that the greatest distinction is the one suggested in the creator's bestowal of human articulation to the one and the retention of it from the other.(Achebe, p.255) This absence of human articulation and human attributes is the thing that Achebe says adds to the flooding measure of bigotry inside Conrad's novella. Human articulation, is one of hardly any things that make us unique from creatures, alongside such things as correspondence and reason. This obviously, being that without human articulation, the local lady is thought of to a greater degree a savage...wild-looked at and radiant, (Achebe citing Conrad, p. 255), potentially even brutish. While trying to disprove Achebe's proposed distinction between the two ladies, C.P. Sarvan said that Conrad saw the local lady as a lovely, pleased, heavenly, radiant, spectacular, [and] savage individual whose human sentiments [were] not denied.(Sarvan, p. 284) In looking at the two perspectives, one must advance back and think about that the two perspectives are just understandings on what Conrad may have expected. Since nobody can ever truly realize what his real implications were for these two ladies being so comparable (in their developments), but then so unique (in their character), just individual clarification can be raised. This specifically, is the thing that carries me to address both Achebe and Sarvan's focuses. By rearranging Conrad's expressive words, Sarvan had the option to recommend that Conrad did not mean for the paramour to be seen as the savage counterpart.(Achebe, p. 255) Yet, simultaneously, both Sarvan and Achebe each expound on what they think to be the proper thing. I can't help thinking that Achebe was looking for bigotry in this short novel, and that Sarvan was so reclaimed by Achebe's allegations, that he himself, proceeded to search for approaches to guard Conrad. Be that as it may, this specific inadequacy of the local lady, isn't the one in particular that Achebe finds. As expressed before, correspondence is significant in our general public and to progress (as known by the Europeans of the time). While perusing Heart of Darkness, I seen a huge contrast in the degrees of correspondence that were allocated between the Europeans and the Africans. This extreme distinction in discourse was at the center of Achebe's contention that Conrad denied the Africans of human characteristics. Achebe brought up that instead of discourse they made 'a brutal jibber jabber of boorish sounds,' additionally saying that it is plainly not of Conrad's motivation to present language on the 'simple spirits' of Africa. (Achebe, p. 255) Here untruths the issue that I have with Achebe's article. Accepting that the absence of discourse (in Conrad's eyes) is a bigot factor- - which is a substantial presumption - Achebe still didn't bolster his remark that Conrad was a thoroughgoing racist.(Achebe, p. 257) Without outside information (past the book), Achebe had no premise to charge Conrad with this fairly brutal remark. By totally concurring with either essayist, I would deny myself the option to locate my own conclusion with respect to prejudice in Heart of Darkness. Along these lines, I stand now and state that relying upon one's understanding of Joseph Conrad's composition, there will be a lot of bigotry found (whenever looked for). What I do accept is that during the time that this novella was composed, Conrad lived in a general public where African individuals were not viewed as equivalent, to man, they were even viewed as sub-human. Not to pardon Conrad, however bigotry was all over the place and what originated from it was individuals who expounded on it normally and who didn't think about a politically right approach to put things. On the off chance that this novella had been composed today, it may have

Impact of WTO membership on China’s Agriculture Sector Essay Example for Free

Effect of WTO enrollment on China’s Agriculture Sector Essay Albeit productive for parts like fund and banking, China’s WTO part has not end up being that much rewarding for the agribusiness division of China since it gives the two chances and dangers to the country’s economy. At one hand, China’s diminishing levies of farming fares pulled in worldwide market along these lines causing an extensive blast in the year 2004 in which China’s agrarian fares raised to $17. 3 billion. At the other hand, because of organized commerce China faces a significant danger as far as the opposition for residential grains like corn and soybeans with the imported grains of better quality in this manner grabbing the employment of numerous ranchers and individuals identified with the agribusiness area. For the very explanation, China has not opened its market of rural items as much as it has for the produced merchandise. Another explanation for a non limited import of agrarian merchandise is that such a stage for China’s benefit would have prompted an exchange deficiency. Remembering China’s developing populace, China’s import would have supplanted its fare if there should arise an occurrence of non-protectionism. Likewise, China faces a danger of enduring misfortunes in light of the fact that such items are effectively contaminated and such a situation can not just leave a scar for China’s developing global notoriety yet can likewise cause a significant set back to the Chinese exporters. Effect of China’s enrollment of WTO on China’s Manufacturing Industry: The assembling business of China speaks to one of the significant victories relating to the participation of WTO. In light of the less expensive costs of China made merchandise in the global market, the interest of these items is ever expanding. If there should be an occurrence of assembling of autos, China has been exceeding expectations since 1975 yet the significant blast after its enrollment of WTO demonstrating a creation rate increment of 41. 3 percent in a solitary year when its creation number raised to 3. 25 million in the year 2002. Today, the China’s car industry remains among the world’s top vehicle goliaths. On account of China’s Telecommunication Industry with China having entered second era of portable correspondences gear, china has propelled its copy cell phone. Curiously comparative in appearance to the excellent marked PDAs, china made imitation cell phones are less expensive enough to fulfill various clients over the globe. Effect of WTO enrollment on China’s International notoriety: Having talked about the effect of WTO participation on China’s economy, what stays worth referencing is a progression of changes for different segments of the nation. The effect of globalization isn't simply limited to the monetary benefits however has likewise left a solid picture of China in this manner quieting ceaselessly the odds of some other world war in future. For the ace globalists, globalization has opened new skylines for China to connect with the world. This has brought about an ascendance of China’s items over the world. The expansion of China made great over the world are wide to such an extent that it has left U. S. with a ‘China Street’ in the New York City and Pakistan with a ‘China Market’ in the country’s capital. Both these business sectors are particularly implied for the selling of China made products that are a lot less expensive when contrasted with those made by different nations. It is the consequence of internationalization that China has saturated into each side of the worldwide network by drawing in the clients with its less expensive costs. Yet, the opposite side of the coin propose in opposition to the positive side WTO enrollment on China’s universal notoriety. The exclusion of exchange obstructions supports the progression of contaminations and illnesses through items starting with one spot then onto the next. SARS remains as one such model that had left numerous individuals at the skirt of death. It was in initial hardly any months of the year 2003 that denoted the flare-up of SARS. â€Å"Originating in southern China in late 2002 (or prior by certain records), the scourge immediately contaminated in excess of 8,000 individuals in 30 or more nations, causing almost 800 passings inside a half year. When the sickness was at last managed, Beijing’s starting misusing of the emergency, just as the SARS scourge itself, had negatively affected China’s economy and its worldwide notoriety. † Impact of WTO participation on China’s Legal System: Gregory C. Chow in his article ‘The effect of joining WTO on China’s monetary, legitimate and political institutions’ recommends that the WTO participation of China has brought about financial blast as well as acquired an enhancement the lawful arrangement of the nation. He lays his presumption on the way that by WTO enrollment China is managing various global firms. The presentation of remote laws would decidedly influence China to clear its approach to lawful modernization. Likewise, it is in the glorifying period of globalization that China has authorized numerous business laws that include the laws relating to chapter 11 and corporate conduct. It is an immediate consequence of this reality that the quantity of Chinese legitimate work force keep on expanding. With WTO participation, this move towards globalization is additionally encouraged along these lines proposing a further improvement of China’s lawful framework. Effect of China’s participation of WTO on different countries: Of the considerable number of conclusions of China’s entrance into the World Trade Organization, the worldwide rivalry overrides giving both the idealistic and skeptical ramifications for the world. At one hand the expanding serious has set off a flood of dread for some littler economies by hauling them at the skirt of financial disaster. At the other hand, a similar intensity has cultivated the creation of top notch items and imaginative advancements utilized by the contenders. China’s increase to WTO requested a decrease in China’s duties on merchandise. These tax obstructions were utilized by China as a procedure of monetary protectionism so as to thrive the residential business that may have confronted overpowering rivalry by the passageway of outside products with low levies. Making it completely clear, the WTO participation not just opened new open doors for China to globalize its fare yet with the ascendance of fare the joining additionally caused the expansion of import by China being compelled to bring down the levies on imported merchandise. As per the discoveries of Dorothy Guerrero in ‘China, the WTO and Globalization: looking past development figures’ China needed to drop down its general taxes on horticultural products from 54 percent in 2001 to 15. 3 percent in 2005. Anyway the net outcomes supported China it could be said that even without high taxes, some imperceptible obstructions for the results of remote nations were as yet actualized by China. These non tax obstructions in a roundabout way prevent the members of global exchange advertise from logically entering China’s local market. These non duty boundaries include issues relating to rigid security check, item accreditation, marking measures, delay in customs freedom and import endorsement. The rigidity of these national non duty hindrances essentially contrast from the universal measures and regularly continue changing every once in a while. Because of dismissal dependent on these national gauges, outside makers endured an extraordinary misfortune particularly as far as rural items. This dismissal has reduced a lot of products traded to China. Evidently being protected from the financial advancement and WTO participation of China, Chinese Politics additionally encounters changes as far as the inclination of socialists or democrats. Much the same as WTO requests organized commerce and privileges of the considerable number of countries, the Chinese residents of future can be anticipated to collectively request majority rule government for the privileges of each resident.

Random Admission Thoughts- September 2018 - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

Random Admission Thoughts- September 2018 - UGA Undergraduate Admissions Random Admission Thoughts- September 2018 Sometimes when writing the admissions blog, I have a specific topic to present based on the time of year, what is happening in our office at that time or something in the news that is timely. Other times, I just have random thoughts and ideas in my head of what is important or being talked about on social media or questions being asked about during our travels. Luckily for you, this is the second type, so no philosophical ramblings. As such, here are some random UGA admissions thoughts: There is no award for applying early in the process, but there are some consequences in waiting until the deadline to apply. We will treat your application the same if you apply on the first day or the last, but a majority of the files that are incomplete at decision time happen due to applying on the deadline. If you wait until the end, you cause others in the process (counselors, teachers, test agencies, etc.) to do things at a later time, causing some things to be late. Dont wait until the end to apply. UGA uses best scores in the admission review, so we only look at the strongest sub scores for your SAT or ACT tests. If you take the SAT or ACT multiple times, we will only look at the strongest scores. What does this mean? Dont wait until the last minute to send in scores after you see how you did. UGA requires a school report as a part of the freshman application process. This can be our online counselor form, a Secondary School Report (SSR) or a counselor recommendation letter. This is NOT a school profile. This is a document telling us more about the individual student from the school counselors point of view. UGA does not use demonstrated interest in our review. Let me say it again demonstrated interest does not impact a decision. We care about what you are like, not how much you like us. We will accept test scores which are both taken and requested by the application deadline. As such, we will be able to use the October SAT if you have put UGA as a score recipient prior to taking the test. In addition, we cannot use the October ACT, as it is given after the 10/15 EA application deadline. We are fine if you apply through our UGA application or through the Coalition application. If you use the Coalition, know that our essays are on the UGA specific page, and one of the essay prompts we use is also one of the general Coalition essay prompts. As well, if you apply using the Coalition application, you will receive an email about a day after you submit the app giving you access to the UGA admissions status page. You can check on documents, test scores, and complete the self-reported grades form for UGA. We cant guess about a decision, no matter what. No matter how you phrase your question, we will still say I have no idea. Why? Because we have no idea. It all depends on your overall application, the applications submitted by everyone else, and how many people we decide we can admit. As Yoda says, Difficult to see. Always in motion is the future. Pay attention to the emails and/or texts that an admissions office sends you about your application. It might just save you some frustration. Deferral is not a bad thing, just a please wait thing. If you cant handle being deferred, dont apply EA. Whether you are applying EA or RD, take your time and fully complete the application. Dont just phone in the activities or essays for EA because someone told you UGA does not look at them. If you have questions about applying, ask them now. Dont wait until the night of the deadline (or later) to ask me. Admissions people might seem all powerful, but we cant go back in time. I cant guess if a student should apply Early Action (EA) or Regular Decision (RD), as that is up to the applicant. There is a Diet Coke ad right now where the actor says If you want to live in a yurt, yurt it up! Same here. If you want to apply EA, EA it up. If you feel comfortable with us looking at your file in October, apply EA. If you need more time, later scores, fall grades, etc., apply RD. I will finish off with another Yoda quote Do. Or do not. There is no try. I am okay whether you choose to apply to UGA or not. But if you want to be considered for admission to UGA, youve got to apply. I dont want students to look back in May and say I wish I had applied.. If you have any other questions, please feel free to ask them, and Go Dawgs!

Process Essay - 676 Words

A Process Essay Raking My Three Acre Yard I raked up Mount Grassmore, a mountain of grass clippings that will be decomposing in my backyard for the next twenty years. In the beginning of summer, our lawnmower broke, so my husband took it to the repair shop to be repaired. But, by the time the mower was fixed the grass had grown out of control, like a jungle. The chore of raking up all the mow clippings seemed almost impossible for one person. Raking a three acre yard is a repetitious and strenuous process. But, it had to be done I did not want my grass to turn brown and hard. First, I created a plan to collect the grass and made a list of the necessary supplies for raking a large yard. My plan was to first rake each mowed†¦show more content†¦By the end of the day there must have been at least a hundred of the smaller grass piles all waiting for me to come pick them up tomorrow. The next day came and it was time to put all the grass into the compost pile. So I started at the furthest point from the compost pile and started loading big clumps of grass into the wheelbarrow using the end of the rake with the claws, and my arm to keep the grass on the rake. This part of the process was not too bad, just repetitive back and forth with the wheelbarrow gathering up the piles and dumping them. Getting all the grass into the pile took a long time due to the wheelbarrow only holding about two piles per load. I just had to be persistent and determined to get this accomplished and every time I went back for another load I began to walk shorter and shorter distances. Finally, I was down to my last two piles and the impossible chore was accomplished. Raking my three acre backyard was a difficult, continuous chore for me. It took me about two days of sweaty, hard work to clear the whole yard of the grass clippings. But, all the raking and hauling of the grass was worth the use of our yard. Our lawn is green, soft, and beautiful for our children to run and play in, and hopefully the huge comp ost pile I made will fertilize many plants in the future. I have made a promise to myself for my lawn to never again get thatShow MoreRelatedApplication Essay : A Process Essay770 Words   |  4 Pagesassign an essay. The entire class lets out a groan that could be heard from miles away, however this doesn’t phase your professor. The essay is assigned: a process essay. Now what? What is a process essay? How do you go about writing one? How do you get the A you so desperately need? This paper will discuss everything one needs to know in order to write the perfect process essay such as the definition of a process essay, how to construct it, and how to use proper transitions to make the essay flow. Read More Process Analysis Essay for Writing Papers648 Words   |  3 Pages Process Analysis Essay   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When writing a paper it can be very difficult unless you break it up into sections. When I had to write my first paper I felt like a man on a desert island all alone without a clue on how to do anything. But with the help of a few teachers they taught me how to survive on the island of writing papers. What the teachers taught me was that just like everything in life it needs to be taken in steps. The steps they taught me still apply to the papers I write to this dayRead MoreEssay about Self-Analysis of Writing Process962 Words   |  4 Pagestoo. I had a very difficult time trying to find the right words that would make up my essay. The most common mistake I made was assuming that the readers would naturally know the common knowledge I had acquired through my research. They, of course did not know the background information that I knew and so the phrase or sentence that I wrote sounded very vague or off topic to the reader. For example, in my third essay about Th e Series Survivor Vs. The Amazing Race, I had this sentence â€Å"Television’s popularRead MoreEssay on The Writing Process944 Words   |  4 PagesConsider how the writing process you read about in this class differs from the process you have used in the past. What specifically have you done in the past compared to what you read about this week? . The process that I have read about in this class differs a lot from the process I have used in the past in many different ways. I n the past when I was given a writing assignment if research was needed I just found the basic information I needed and write the paper. After the readings this weekRead MoreHaber Process Essay866 Words   |  4 PagesTejas Gandesha Ms. Rajeev Science 10 Tuesday, October 24, 2017 Haber Process One World Essay The Haber Process, also known as the Haber-Bosch Process, was discovered in the first half of the 20th Century, by a man named Fritz Haber. The Haber could be considered to be a very high on technological advance/discovery in the past 100 years. The world has had many mixed opinions on Fritz Haber and his development of the Haber Process. The manufacture of Ammonia has a lot of history and science behind itRead MoreWriting A Good Essay Is The Most Important Step Of The Whole Writing Process902 Words   |  4 PagesWhen it comes to writing an essay, many students start writing their papers with the technique they prefer to write their essays with. While others sit there for an hour trying to get their ideas written down on a paper. Writing a good essay is a step by step method but it is a skill that is learned through hard work and practice not through memorizing. A successful writer writes and rethinks the ideas before submitting a paper. The writing process is a very important tech nique to have to start aRead MoreWriting As A Process : A Reflective Essay1379 Words   |  6 PagesWriting as a Process: A Reflective Essay I’ve always thought of myself as an above average writer. Why wouldn’t I considering the praise I’d get from teachers, professors, parents and friends alike? Consequently, English became one of my favorite subjects. With little effort put forth I received exemplary marks on all my work and easily earned the approval of my English teachers. However, things began to change upon my arrival at the University of Georgia. I took my first college-level English classRead More Controlling Process in Management Essay1429 Words   |  6 PagesControlling Process in Management Controlling is directly related to planning. The controlling process ensures that plans are being implemented properly. In the functions of management cycle - planning, organizing, directing, and controlling - planning moves forward into all the other functions, and controlling reaches back. Controlling is the final link in the functional chain of management activities and brings the functions of management cycle full circle. Control is the process throughRead MoreDue Process Procedures Essay1020 Words   |  5 PagesThe law of due process simply mean educators accused of something have protection. The protection should be fair and reasonable to balance social concern such as government affair and criminal behavior. The employee rights originated from state and federal constitutional provisions, statues, and regulations. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 protects educators employed in private or public schools (Oliva, 2009). In addition, the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment protects educatorsRead MoreCh7 Process Management Essay4889 Words   |  20 PagesCHAPTER 7 PROCESS MANAGEMENT TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS 1. Process management is defined as the controlling and improving of processes after they have been designed. Answer: F AACSB: Analytic Skills 2. Support processes generally do not directly add value to products and services. Answer: T AACSB: Reflective Thinking Skills 3. Processes must be both measurable and repeatable to be improved. Answer: T AACSB: Analytic Skills 4. A well-run

Internal Analysis Of Equipment Division At Nike Essay

Assignment #2: Internal Analysis I have completed an internal analysis of the equipment division at Nike through focusing on product differentiation as their generic business strategy. In an effort to fully view the current state, pertaining to competitive advantage, a VIRIO analysis was examined based on a handful of resources and capabilities. After reviewing the 12 bases of differentiation, Nike’s equipment division focuses primarily on product features, consumer marketing, reputation, linkages among functions in the firm, and links with other firms. Product Features: Product features is an obvious way in which Nike differentiates their products by altering the features of the products they have on the market. Product features encompass the characteristics of their equipment products provided by Nike. Nike is able to produce high quality products through focusing on design and innovation. The current President and CEO, Mark Parker stated, â€Å"At Nike, we believe it is not enough to adapt to what the future may bring - we’re creating the future we want to see through sustainable innovation.† The company has built their legacy upon continued improvement and innovation as they focus on their product features. However, Nike does offer a variety of equipment products, which will be assessed more with the VRIO breakdown. It may be difficult to have the resources available to gain a competitive advantage among all the different product lines in which they are involved.Show MoreRelatedNike Case Analysis717 Words    |  3 PagesBusiness: Driving Strategic Integration | [Your Name] | Introduction and Background In 2006, the American footwear, apparel and equipment manufacturing giant announced a major corporate reorganization that would switch the company’s attention from a product orientation to a category-driven approach. 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This success was due to a â€Å"robustRead MoreStrategic Analysis Nike1619 Words   |  7 PagesMANAGEMENT ASSIGNMENT NIKE: Strategic Analysis SUBMITTED TO: AMIT SINHA SUBMITTED BY: Varun Bhatia 191181 FMG 19C Nike’s Global Business Strategy When first founded in 1962 under the name of Blue Ribbon Sports, the strategy was â€Å"to distribute low-cost, high-quality Japanese athletic shoes to American consumers in an attempt to break Germany’s domination of the domestic industry.† Today Nike offers athletic shoes at every marketable price point to a global market. Nike sustains its leadingRead MoreMarketing audit of Nike3562 Words   |  15 PagesSYSTEMS 11 6 ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS 12 7 CONCLUSION 16 8 RECOMMENDATION 16 9 BIBLIOGRAPHY 18 INTRODUCTION Nike is an incorporated company that primarily carries footwear products. The Company designs, develops and markets athletic footwear, apparel, equipment and accessory products. Former CEO and Pres. Philip Knight co-founded Blue Ribbon Sports with Mr. Bill Bowerman in 1962 which officially became Nike in 1978. At first, Nike was known to distribute inexpensiveRead MoreEssay on NIKE Inc.: Why It Is Such a Leader2547 Words   |  11 PagesBowerman and Phil Knight started Nike Inc. in 1971, formally known as Blue Ribbon Sports. Bill Bowerman was a former track and field coach at the University of Oregon, and Phil Knight was a student-athlete at the University of Oregon. After numerous years of supplying under Blue Ribbon Sports, the two decided to enter the athletic shoe manufacturing business. The first employee of the company was Jeff Johnson, who helped them with branding what is known today as NIKE Inc. NIKE Inc. main headquarters areRead MoreUnder Armour1100 Words   |  5 PagesIBM 4711 International Strategic Management Under Armour: Working to Stay on Top of Its Game Perform a STEEP analysis to understand the general environment facing Under Armour. How will the firm be affected by external factors? Ans. Each factor under STEEP analysis giving Under Armour more information about how company should adapt itself, in order to be survived in the market. Let’s see the effects of these external factors to the company’s strategies each by each. Social factor Demographics Read MoreStrategic Analysis of Nike8813 Words   |  36 Pages------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- STRATEGIC ANALYSIS OF ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- Read MoreNike Strategic Audit2863 Words   |  12 PagesContent Nike Strategic Audit Page 2 Appendix A IFAS,EFAS,SFAS Page 10 Appendix B Nike Porter s Five Page 11 Appendix C Nike Financial Data Page 14 References Page 19 I- Current Situation A. Current Performance • Robust financial position, $ 15 billion net Profit (See appendix B). • Market share around 47%. • 28,000 employee B. Strategic posture 1. Mission • To bring inspiration and innovation to every athlete in the world. 2. Objectives • Provide an environmentRead More Company Overviews of Nike and Reebok Essay3983 Words   |  16 PagesCompany Overviews of Nike and Reebok In 1964 in Oregon, Phil Knight and Bill Bowerman join together to make a new enterprise; each contributed about $500 to the partnership. The company started bringing low priced and high tech athletic shoes from Japan to replace the German domination of athletic shoes in the industry. In 1971, a graphic design student created the Swoosh trademark for a $35 fee. In the same year Jeff Johnson, Blue Ribbon Sports’ first employee, made his most durable contributionRead MoreNike Reebok4026 Words   |  17 PagesCompany Overviews Nike In 1964 in Oregon, Phil Knight and Bill Bowerman join together to make a new enterprise; each contributed about $500 to the partnership. The company started bringing low priced and high tech athletic shoes from Japan to replace the German domination of athletic shoes in the industry. In 1971, a graphic design student created the Swoosh trademark for a $35 fee. In the same year Jeff Johnson, Blue Ribbon Sports first employee, made his most durable contribution to the

The Mental Zones Of Sigmund Freud - 1016 Words

Sigmund Freud is best known for his development and use of psychoanalysis. The theory of psychoanalysis focuses on the concept of how our unconscious thoughts, feelings, and emotions play an active role in our daily lives. The id, ego, and superego are the three mental zones that encompass our psyche. Each zone has a specific function: The id functions on the pleasure principle; the ego on the protection of the individual; and the superego on protection of society. The degree of which each zone has been developed can be broken down and then analyzed. These three zones can be visualized by imagining a pie cut into three slices. Every individual is composed of different amounts of each mental zone. The goal is to achieve the perfect balance†¦show more content†¦The use of any one or combination of defense mechanisms can be extraordinarily harmful when used indiscriminately. A multitude of studies have been done to discover different results of immature defense mechanisms and have begun to identify ties with various clinical and pathological dysfunctions Repression is one of the most common defense mechanisms found in human behavior, which has resulted in a large magnitude of studies done on how to treat patients in psychotherapy dealing with its harmful effects. Repression takes place in the unconscious superego functioning and can be explained as a sort of motivated amnesia. An example of repression is an individual who suffers from acrophobia who cannot remember when he became afraid of heights is experiencing repression of the memory of the anxiety-provoking occurrence with heights. Although repression is an extremely common defense mechanism, it is also a potentially extremely harmful defense as well. Along with repression, denial is found to be another one of the most commonly used defense mechanisms in human behavior. Denial involves the blocking of external events from entry into awareness by negating possibly anxious experiences. In other words, an individual experiencing denial simply does not acknowledge that the stressful event has occurred. For example, a woman who just went through a break-up continues to refer to her ex-boyfriend as her boyfriend in daily conversations. By continuing to talk about himShow MoreRelated The Three Elements of Personality by Sigmund Freud777 Words   |  4 Pages Introduction Of Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud was one of the trailblazers of modern-day psychology. After several years of clinical practice, Sigmund Freud became concern about finding a new way to cure his patients. He developed a new way of treatment, the psychoanalytic therapy based on the existence of the unconscious. According to his theory, our behavior is driven by sexual and destructive feelings. Freud mentions in his psychoanalytical theory of personality there are five stages of psychosexualRead MoreEssay about Oedipus the King and Oedipus Complex612 Words   |  3 Pages Oedipus Rex, is a Sophocles play, that according to Freud exemplifies a formative stage in a individuals psychosexual development. The psychosexual stages are the age related developmental periods in which sexual impulses are exerted through different bodily zones and then activities are associated with those areas in the bodily zones. These is when a young child will transfer his love object from the breast to the mother. When the child gives up the breast and movesRead MoreTheoretical Views Essay1698 Words   |  7 Pagesin history of psychology such as; Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler, Carl Jung, and William James. Each psychologist’s mentioned has proposed their own reasoning behind the psychological functions and causes of human behavior. 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Translatability and Poetic Translation free essay sample

Translation used to be considered an inter-language transfer of meaning, which is the point of departure for research and study. Many earlier definitions demonstrate this, using source language and target language as their technical terms. Moreover, translation theories strictly confined themselves within the sphere of linguistics. For many years the popular trend in the translation circles had been perfect faithfulness to the original both in content and in form and it had been regarded as the iron criterion as if from the holy Bible for translators to observe. The godly status and the impossible idealistic belief were not altered until new thoughts arose with the respect of consideration of target readers, the unavoidable translator subjectivity and the purpose and function of translations. This thesis, starting to look from new angles such as the accommodation to target cultural conventions, the translators consciousness of linguistic and cultural adaptations to make it easy for readers to understand translated works without too much pain and effort, and translation as a purposeful endeavor. Translation is then understood as a much more complicated activity with a much broader scope. Translation of poetry was, and still is by some, believed as impossibility for any unfaithful elements would have been taken as failure, be it content or form. The arguments include linguistic elements and cultural elements. Most importantly the myth of untranslatability looks upon poetry as beauty itself which is untouchable for once it is touched it is destroyed. But as translation of poetry has never been stagnant though sometimes vigorous and sometimes not, there is strong evidence in both translation history and present day practice that poetic translation, a literary form as distinguished from fiction, drama, and prose, is translatable. Poetry itself serves a purpose, be it an illusive matter, and aesthetics can be reproduced in another language and culture if accommodation is made. It would be highly likely that the target readers would obtain rather similar if not the same aesthetic pleasure reading the translation as would the source readers reading the original poem. And this is, I believe, the only criterion in evaluating and assessing what is a successful piece of translation. Of course there are other functions of poetry like informative, didactic, cognitive, practical and even entertainment functions. The aesthetic function stays at the top of the list, though. In other words, if a translation fails to perform the aesthetic function it is in my eyes a bad translation, no matter how well the form is preserved. A word-for-word translation may be judged faithful in form, but it is failure in terms of the performance of functions. As aesthetics of one people influences them with different elements from that of another, accommodation in translation is of urgent necessity. Often loss or addition is made to achieve that end and sometimes only some elements are preserved while other elements are neglected. This is inevitable or there will be no translation, which means if one fears any loss or addition, one should learn to read the original always instead of reading the translated version. But how many of us can do that? The thesis aims at breaking the myth of untranslatability of poetry and argues from the appropriate understanding of translation to the various functions of poetry. And in the end it suggests, with examples taken from well-acknowledged translators of poetry, some strategies for poetic translators so that global talk opens up another channel for human communication. We will understand one another better. The detailed organization is as follows. This thesis, starting from a brief account of old ideas of the untranslatability of poetry, proposes instead a hypothesis that poetry is translatable (Chapter One). In the next chapter (Chapter Two) an analysis of why poetry is untranslatable is made in both linguistic and cultural respects. It goes on giving a detailed analysis of translation in general, its various definitions, its multiple functions and the authors own idea of it (Chapter Three). Then literary translation is discussed, involving its features and main functionaesthetic value which is the very core in poetic translation as well (Chapter Four). Chapter Five deals with features of poetic translation, treating at the beginning the relationship between poetry and aesthetics and then making a comparison of Sino-west poetic theories. What follows is a discussion of the longstanding issue of form vs content and the criteria of poetic translation. At the end of this chapter, the function of poetry is discussed. Chapter Six suggests some strategies in poetic translation, all with a strong consciousness of compensation of possible loss of the source text. The thesis ends with a conclusionpoetry is translatable. This may sound like a paradox, if one thinks of the long tradition of translatio studii or translatio imperii in the culture, or if you just ponder the very word tradition . Tradition, from Latin tradere (‘hand over), implies a process of communication, transmission, and transference that necessarily allows for the transformation, whether in terms of â€Å"losses† or â€Å"gains,† usually associated with what we consensually mean by translation. To translate is not to say the same thing in another tongue, but to make manifest a different thing. This may sound close to what we used to call â€Å"the impossibility of translation. Croce (quoted in Carravetta, 1997) holds that poets cannot be compared, as each is unique. Translation is impossible; it is only a pedagogical necessity. The responsibility of the interpreter is to capture the mood or state of being (stato danimo) of its author. In modern times some scholars have come to realize that something in a language can not be fully translated into another, in other words, there is an inevitable loss of meaning. Catford (1965), a celebrated translation scholar of the linguistic school, raises the issue of untranslatability with a new perspective. He argues that linguistic untranslaltability is due to the difference in the Source Language (SL) and the Target Language (TL), whereas cultural untranslatability is due to the absence in the TL of relevant situational features. Dabeluet and Viney (quoted in Wilss, 2001), in the fruitful book A comparative French and English Stylistics have analyzed in detail the points of linguistic difference between the two languages, differences that constitute areas where translation is impossible. Popovic (quoted in Wilss, 2001) also has attempted to define untranslatability without making a separation between the linguistic and cultural factors. Nida (1984) presents a rich source of information about the problems of loss in translation, in particular about the difficulties encountered by the translators when facing with terms or concepts in SL that do not exist in TL. Newmark (1982) has also once briefly talked about the deviation in translation. In Chinese translation history, in contemporary and modern day translation circles, many experts and scholars have also discussed the problem to some extent in their empirical assertions and research papers. As early as the flourishing period of Buddhist scriptures, the problem of untranslatability was mentioned and a rather strong expression was used to criticize certain versions as ‘feeding others what one has munched in his own mouth'( , my translation), not mentioning translation of poetry. Zhu guangqian (Zhu, 1987: 113) says that the reason why poetry translation poses more difficulty than prose translation lies in that poetry stress more on its musical quality while prose emphasizes more on meaning. Translating meaning is apparently easier than translating the musical quality (my translation). Chinese, unlike English, uses characters which are all single syllables, namely, one character as one syllable. So phrases and clauses are easily arranged into even number phrases and neat even number couplets, if the need arises for comparison or contrast. However, the western languages have strict grammatical rules, requiring fixed structures that forbids free inversions or disorders. If translating literally according to the Chinese form, confusion emerges. Ibid: 201) (my translation) Poetry can not only be translated into a foreign language nor can it be translated into another style or another historical period of the same language because the sound and meaning of the language change with the times. Modern syllables and rhythms can not replace those needed in ancient language and modern associated meaning can not replace the ancient associated meaning (Ibid: 223) (my translation). Chen Shuxin (Chen, 2000) proposes that poetic untranslatability mainly lies in the transference of the beauty of the original sound. If put in order, the transference of sound stays at the top of the list, then form and style, lastly meaning (my translation). Wen Yiduo (Zhu, 1925: 149) exemplifies untranslatability as follows: â€Å"Li Bai stands between the ancient style and contemporary style. His wul u , which consists of five characters in each line and eight lines altogether, has the soul of ancient style and the body of the contemporary which is characterized with abundant embellishment. The embellished style may be translatable but not the poetic power. Nevertheless Li Bai without his tremendous power is no longer himself†. (my translation) For example, the lines , was translated as : (1. 1) The smoke from the cottages curls Up around the citron trees, And the hues of late autumn are On the green paulownias. â€Å"What is the matter? † Mr Zhu asks, â€Å"The glorious beauty of the Chinese poem, once transformed into English should become so barren and mediocre! Such precious lines as these are untranslatable for they are too subtle and too refined. If one has to translate it anyway, it is doomed to be destroyed. Beauty is untouchable. If it is touched, it dies. † ( my translation) (Ibid: 150). But Zhu later has to admit in another book that translation is not intended for the original author or those who understand the source language. It should not intend to compare with the original. It is impossible and unnecessary to please the reader who understands the source language with ones translation (my translation) (Ibid: 154). In summary, I find that those who stick to untranslatbility are but two kinds of people. Some strictly believe the holiness of the original text and others the absoluteness of the unity of meaning and form in a certain language. And they, idealistically, do not allow any addition or loss of meaning in the transferring process as in translation, which is actually inevitable and is a rule rather than an exception. 1. 2 TRANSLATABILITY A HYPOTHESIS Translation work, in its present form, dates back more than a thousand years in China and in Western countries. The ever-lasting practice of translation itself manifests the translatability of languages. Therefore, it stands to reason that a language can be translated from one language into another. Under the guide of this perception, former scholars usually probe into the problem of translation from an instinctive and empirical point of view. Not all words need to be translated. Some cannot. Some can be transcribable, but if there is no cultural equivalent, whether it is translatable or not it still needs to be explained, just like a jargon needs to be explained to the non-specialist in a footnote. Words, expressions or interjections that are exclusive to a culture, a religion or a jargon cannot always be translated in a satisfactory way because the same thing does not exist in the other languages culture. In many cases such words with no perfect equivalent are the words that end up being borrowed by the other language, sometimes with a possible spelling adaptation to ease pronunciation in the other language. Jacobson ( 1966: 238) (quoted in Wolfram Wilss, 2001) comes to the conclusion that poetry by definition is untranslatable. Only creative transposition is possible. With this as a prerequisite, translation of poetry should and must be translatable. Historically speaking, the activity of poetic translation has always been there, popular at one time and losing momentum at another, though always being practiced. In other words, whenever human communication is necessary, translation will live on and maintain a firm and fast stronghold. The reason is simple but unavoidable—we, as a nation or a country, are not living alone. As long as we do not lock ourselves up, translation will be translatable, be it scientific translation or poetic translation. Many translators in contemporary and modern China have made and are making outstanding contributions to the literary and poetic exchanges between China and the West through their diligent and painstaking work. Xu Yuanchong, for instance, has translated several books of Chinese ancient poems into English, the most important being the The 300 Hundred Tang Poems . Gu Zhengkun, by rendering into English The Collection of Mao Zedongs Poems , is another example to have introduced Chinese poetry to readers of English. Foreigners include Arthur Waley, Herbert Giles, Witter Bynner, W. J. B. Fletcher, James Legg, Amy Lowell, etc. Translators from English into English are, needless to say, numerous, such as Bian Zhilin, Guo Moruo, Tu Ang, Huang Gaoxin, Jiang Feng, Cao Minglun , and Zhu Chunshen, to name but a few for the present purpose. All these people do not only support the idea that translation of poetry is possible but provide living proof by their many well-received and highly-acclaimed translated works.